The cysteine rich protective antigen appears to play a role in this process.

Protective antigen's actual role is to latch onto cell receptors.

Protective antigen, so named before its true role was understood, serves as the attack vehicle for the other two toxins.

Protective antigen binds to two surface receptors on the host cell.

YopE acts as both a virulence factor and a protective antigen.

The other components are edema factor and protective antigen, so called because it is the target of the current anthrax vaccine.

On a cell's surface, the protective antigen proteins seek one another out and click together into a seven-member barrel with a central channel.

Dr. Friedlander said all known strains of anthrax share the same basic form of protective antigen.

In order to enter the cells, the edema and lethal factors use another protein produced by B. anthracis called protective antigen.

The outer envelope is formed by envelope (E) protein and is the protective antigen.

Protective antigen is designed to dock onto a receptor protein that studs the surface of many cells, even though macrophages are the principal target.

Once in the blood stream, these bacilli release three proteins named lethal factor, edema factor, and protective antigen.

Protective antigen combines with these other two factors to form lethal toxin and edema toxin, respectively.

The production of hsp60 remains unaltered even when C. pneumonia is dormant and does not replicate, since that hsp60 serves as a protective antigen.

Development of subunit vaccines requires the identification of protective antigens and their formulation in a suitable adjuvant.

That vaccine works by disabling a component of anthrax known as protective antigen, which helps the microbe's two toxins penetrate the cells they are attacking.

But, Dr. Friedlander said, it is quite difficult to alter the protective antigen without making the anthrax bacillus ineffective as a weapon.

The protective antigen then collects lethal factor or edema factor from the bloodstream and injects them into the target cell.

Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens.

The Harvard-Wisconsin team discovered the receptor for protective antigen by growing cells in the laboratory on a diet that included a mildly mutagenic chemical.

Acellular vaccine containing at least 3 protective antigens was shown to be of higher or similar efficacy to the previously-used whole cell pertussis vaccine.

Members of the "B" binary toxin family include the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) protein, most likely due to a common evolutionary ancestor.

The fact that BCG affords protection against leprosy and lymphadenitis indicates that the protective antigens belong to the group shared by all mycobacteria.

The break-in protein is called protective antigen, a misleading name conferred before its exact role was understood and because it is the protein attacked by the anthrax vaccine.

Analysis of the genomic library of Streptococcus canis led to the identification of a new streptococcal protective antigen (SPA) associated with the bacteria.