Polar stratospheric clouds have a great impact on radiative forcing.

Separate model runs were used to determine the sustainability of the polar stratospheric clouds.

First, the low temperatures lead to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds, which are high-altitude.

Polar stratospheric cloud production, since it requires the cold temperatures, is usually limited to nighttime and winter conditions.

The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 C in the winter months.

Another requirement for polar stratospheric clouds is cold temperatures to ensure condensation and cloud production.

A multitude of feedbacks also occurred in the models due to the polar stratospheric clouds' presence.

It also made extensive observations of volcanic aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds in the middle atmosphere.

Another method considered for producing the warm polar temperatures were polar stratospheric clouds.

This could enhance the formation of polar stratospheric clouds, which convert potential ozone-depleting species to their active forms.

Polar stratospheric clouds are clouds that occur in the lower stratosphere at very low temperatures.

The formation of Polar stratospheric cloud is limited to a single very high range of altitude, so this class is not divided into height-related families.

Effect on clouds: Cloud formation may be affected, notably cirrus clouds and polar stratospheric clouds.

Reactions that take place on polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play an important role in enhancing ozone depletion.

Our results demonstrate that reactive nitrogen was converted to HNO 3 in autumn, before temperatures were low enough for polar stratospheric clouds to form.

The white contour outlines the altitudes and time of temperatures lower than -78 C, where Polar Stratospheric Clouds may form.

The polar stratospheric clouds in Antarctica are only formed when there are very low temperatures, as low as 80 C, and early spring conditions.

Increasing amounts of ice and condensation nuclei would be need to be high for the polar stratospheric cloud to sustain itself and eventually expand.

Incidentally, the reduction in ozone occurs only when polar stratospheric clouds are present which partially explains why ozone depletion is significantly lower in the north.

In particular, as early as 1952 he associated low ozone levels in the stratosphere to the presence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs).

Methane is an important factor in the creation of the primary Type II polar stratospheric clouds that were created in the early Eocene.

In the spring, NO 2 can be converted to a long-lived reservoir species, HNO 3, on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds.

Besides implications for climate change, increased water vapor can affect the rate of chemical ozone loss, for example, by increasing the incidence of polar stratospheric clouds.

This is likely to increase the occurrences of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) which are an essential component for springtime polar ozone destruction.

With this combination of wetter and colder conditions in the lower stratosphere, polar stratospheric clouds could have formed over wide areas in Polar Regions.