perivascular space

Blood vessels enter the central nervous system through the perivascular space above the pia mater.

Research is presently being performed in order to determine the exact cause of dilation in these perivascular spaces.

The perivascular space created between blood vessels and pia mater functions as a lymphatic system for the brain.

The second compartment is that of the non-immune-privileged subarachnoid, subpial, and perivascular spaces.

Pia mater allows for the formation of perivascular spaces that help serve as the brain's lymphatic system.

Centripetal migration from systemic tumors along perineural, invasion of nerve space, or perivascular spaces.

Infiltration from the subarachnoid space into the spinal cord occurs mainly along the perivascular space of the white matter.

Since bone spicules tend to form around blood vessels, the perivascular space is greatly reduced as the bone continues to grow.

Charles-Philippe Robin confirmed these findings in 1859 and was the first to describe the perivascular spaces as channels that existed in normal anatomy.

One includes the cyclic remodeling of the spatial relationship between Gn-RH terminals, the tanycytes, and the perivascular space.

In the perivascular spaces, the pia mater begins as mesothelial lining on the outer surface, but the cells then fade to be replaced by neuroglia elements.

MMP-2 and MMP-9 are both produced by myeloid cells, which surround T cells in the perivascular space.

Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, enlarged lateral ventricles, and Virchow-Robin perivascular spaces have all been reported in people with proximal 18q-.

Postmortem studies combined with MRI suggest that hyperintensities are dilated perivascular spaces, or demyelination caused by reduced local blood flow.

The glia limitans perivascularis abuts the perivascular space surrounding the parenchymal blood vessels and functions as a supportive constituent of the blood brain barrier.

Similarly, as part of its role in signal transmission, perivascular spaces contain vasoactive neuropeptides (VNs), which, aside from regulating blood pressure and heart rate, have an integral role in controlling microglia.

In contrast, in the CNS, dendritic cells are not thought to be present in normal parenchymal tissue or perivascular space although they are present in the meninges and choroids plexus.

While the BBB is often described as the tight junctions between the endothelial cells, this is an oversimplification that neglects the intricate role that perivascular spaces take in separating the venous blood from the parenchyma of the brain.

The first to truly identify the lymphatic function of the CSF was W. His, who in 1865 discovered that tracer injected into the brain parenchyma flowed along perivascular spaces, which he regarded as "analogous to the lymphatics of other tissues".

This direction of flow leads to a layer of the pia mater being carried inwards and loosely adhering to the vessels, leading to the production of a space, namely a perivascular space, between the pia mater and each blood vessel.

The pia mater serves to create these perivascular spaces to allow passage of certain material, such as fluids, proteins, and even extraneous particulate matter such as dead white blood cells from the blood stream to the CSF, and essentially the brain.

He also had prescient ideas about the cerebral cortex, the hierarchical organization of the nervous system, the localization of the cerebrospinal fluid, the functions of the pituitary gland, the perivascular spaces, the foramen of Magendie, the idea of somatotopic organization, and the association of frontal brain regions with the intellect.