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The mode of transmission may even involve a paratenic host.
In paratenic hosts the larvae never mature and remain at the L2 stage.
The species seems to be an intermediate or paratenic host for the tapeworm.
The infection can be acquired by eating a fish paratenic host, but this is rare.
However, the cycle may involve transport and paratenic hosts.
Therefore, humans can act as 2nd intermediate hosts or paratenic hosts.
The human then becomes the paratenic host.
As paratenic hosts, a number of various vertebrates, including humans, and some invertebrates can become infected.
If the larvae are in a paratenic host, they break into the bloodstream and enter various organs, particularly the central nervous system.
Ingestion of the paratenic host can lead to infection of this parasite.
An assortment of mammals and birds can be infected and act as paratenic hosts.
Natural paratenic hosts can be frogs, lizards, mice, rats.
A paratenic host may then ingest the oligochaete.
Other invertebrates may also serve as paratenic hosts, including terrestrial snails and slugs.
Hairworm larvae are described from aquatic insect paratenic hosts.
They can then be ingested by, and infest, a variety of other animals (including humans) that serve as paratenic hosts.
The plerocercoids pass through several paratenic hosts before reaching a suitable definitive host where it can mature.
The paratenic host is also of considerable significance because of the strong hunting instinct of cats.
It is suggested frogs as well as bullheads are important natural paratenic hosts for D. renale.
No further development occurs in these paratenic hosts and the parastites remain dormant until ingested by a definitive host.
As a paratenic host for:
Humans are infected, like other paratenic hosts, by ingestion of embryonated T. canis eggs.
The white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) among other small rodents are considered common paratenic hosts.
The life cycle of T. shinni is thought to involve nototheniid fishes as second intermediate or paratenic hosts.
Słownik biologiczny
