Finally, the 2R resistance is in series with the digital output impedance.

The output impedance cannot be controlled other than through feedback.

One can however measure its input or output impedance.

A real-world current source has a very high, but finite output impedance.

The output impedance of a circuit cannot be printed or plotted directly.

Without feedback, this arrangement results in an output impedance of 6-8 ohms.

Because R is often large, the output impedance of this circuit can be prohibitively high.

The output impedance of the pair is now halved.

Hence, the output impedance of the amplifier limits the maximum power that can be provided.

Here, Z is the output impedance of the amplifer.

The amplifier output impedance is also assumed to be totally resistive.

Such a theoretical device would have a zero ohm output impedance in series with the source.

An ideal current source has an infinite output impedance in parallel with the source.

Consequently, newer amplifiers are based on designs with relatively low output impedance.

Can increase or decrease output impedance (depending on type of feedback)

An important property of a current source is its small signal incremental output impedance, which should ideally be infinite.

The improvement factors ( 1 + β A) for determining input and output impedance might not work.

A typical line out connection has an output impedance from 100 to 600 Ω, with lower values being more common in newer equipment.

More importantly, low output impedance can reduce distortion by improving the control that the source has over the transducer.

However, most of these will be improved by lowering output impedance and hence improving damping factor.

These are networks where the input and output impedances are the duals of each other.

"We'll just run longer cables from the scanning rig, and change the input and output impedance."

Because of the low output impedance, the output can deliver a substantial signal current without being altered.

Amplifiers are not ideal; they also have some output impedance that limits the amount of power they can provide.

The Wilson current mirror has an output impedance that is higher by the factor , on the order of 50X.