outbred

At least two animals per antigen should be used when using outbred animals.

In outbred populations, selection acts on new mutations mainly through their heterozygous effects.

In general, differences between inbred strains are considered to reflect differences between individual members of outbred species.

The breeding system adopted depends on the number of animals required and whether they are of an inbred or outbred strain.

Heterosis or hybrid vigor, on the other hand, is the tendency of outbred strains to exceed both inbred parents in fitness.

As a general rule, inbred mice tend to have longer gestation periods and smaller litters than outbred and hybrid mice.

Multilocus allozyme genotype data show that Microphallus is a single outbred species with high levels of gene flow among South Island populations.

No common mutations have been identified in outbred populations except the R77C mutation, which accounts for up to one-third of the mutated SGCA alleles.

But researchers are not sounding the alarms yet, because the final count of inbred versus outbred seeds depends on a variety of complex interactions, many of which have hardly been studied.

Heritability can be made larger by diversifying the genetic background, e.g., by using only very outbred individuals (which increases Var) and/or by minimizing environmental effects (decreasing Var).

(At one point Mitchell had claimed that inbreeding in Scottish fishing communities led to a lower average hat size of six and seven-eighths, a quarter inch less than their more outbred neighbours.)

The discovery concerns forest managers because it suggests that any activities that decrease the numbers of flowering trees and vigorous outbred seeds being produced could begin to threaten the regeneration of such habitats.

The US National Institute on Aging currently funds an intervention testing program, whereby investigators nominate compounds (based on specific molecular ageing theories) to have evaluated with respect to their effects on lifespan and age-related biomarkers in outbred mice.

However, Reppert identified outbred populations of Siberian hamsters lacking functional Mel receptors that still maintained circadian and reproductive responses to melatonin; these data indicate that the Mel receptor is not necessary for these circadian and reproductive actions of melatonin.