The mechanism, by which they persist in the lower airways in healthy state, is unknown.

Breathing in these irritants may make the respiratory system less effective at removing organisms from the lower airways.

Sputum is mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways.

Smoking or breathing secondhand smoke makes the respiratory system less effective at removing organisms from the lower airways.

Proximal divisions (those closest to the top of the tree, such as the bronchi) mainly function to transmit air to the lower airways.

From there the mucous, the trapped particles from the lower airways can be coughed up (this is called sputum).

The color of the mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways (sputum) may vary in color from clear to yellow to green.

During a bronchoscopy, your doctor will examine your throat, larynx , trachea , and lower airways.

It has subsequently been shown that the lower airways contribute most of the exhaled NO, and that contamination from the sinuses is minimal.

Damage of the lower airways can manifest itself later as well, due to fine particles of zinc chloride and traces of phosgene.

Of those studied, 46.5 percent reported symptoms like chest tightness, shortness of breath and dry cough that generally affect the lower airways of the lungs.

Without antibiotic treatment, the damage to the respiratory mucosal barrier predisposes infected horses to secondary infections and the involvement of the lower airways (ex.

Less soluble gases (e.g. nitrogen dioxide, phosgene, ozone) may not dissolve until they are well into the respiratory tract, often reaching the lower airways.

The airway epithelium together with alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells play a major role in the initial recognition of bacterial products getting into the lower airways with the air.

He said that although they were irritating, those dust particles did not pose serious health concerns for residents because they were too large to enter the lower airways of the lungs.

Surface anesthesia also facilitates some endoscopic procedures such as bronchoscopy (visualization of the lower airways) or cystoscopy (visualization of the inner surface of the bladder).

But they found that smaller dust particles - those most likely to reach into the lower airways of the lungs, where they could cause serious illnesses - were not alkaline and caustic.

Biphasic stridor (occurring during both the inspiratory and expiratory phases) indicates narrowing at the level of the glottis or subglottis, the point between the upper and lower airways.

Like horses, the normal anatomical position of the epiglottis causes it to be engaged over the caudal rim of the soft palate, sealing the oral pharynx from the lower airways.

In some cases, a bronchoalveolar lavage may be carried out - an endoscope is used to look down the trachea, and mucus and cells are washed out of the lower airways for analysis.

In another study, after exercising for two hours in a room where the level of ozone was well below the Federal maximum, about 80 percent of the men showed several potentially serious symptoms in their lower airways.

During a total laryngectomy, the entire voicebox (larynx) is removed, which leads to a permanent disconnection of the upper and lower airways and a permanent tracheostoma (a breathing hole in the neck).

Some of the inhaled fibers are cleared by the mucociliary clearance mechanism but long thin asbestos fibers may reach the lower airways and alveoli, and can be retained in the lungs for many years.

Congenital malacia of the large airways is one of the few causes of irreversible airways obstruction in children, with symptoms varying from recurrent wheeze and recurrent lower airways infections to severe dyspnea and respiratory insufficiency.

The lack of these functions impairs the lower airways and the activity of the cilia, which leads to pulmonary problems such as tracheobronchial mucus, excessive sputum production, crusting, which can also cause fatigue and shortness of breath.