They attempt to avoid one problem associated with traditional glottochronology - that of linguistic borrowing.

That is nicely analogous to the various linguistic borrowings that leave us coping with anomalies in English.

Lose face is a linguistic borrowing from Chinese diulian 丟臉 "lose face."

Haugen, Einar (1950): "The analysis of linguistic borrowing".

But there is not enough evidence to date to ascertain whether the two languages belong to the same language family or whether the relationship is due to linguistic borrowing.

The relationship between Yuki and Wappo was contested by Jesse Sawyer who believes that the similarities are due to linguistic borrowing and shared areal features.

They rule out linguistic borrowing as a significant factor in the results on the basis that for a word to appear cognate in many language families solely because of borrowing would require frequent swapping back and forth.

The game of chess, from India via north Africa, shows linguistic borrowings; the Arabic al-sha-mat (the king is dead) and rukh, became jaquemate and roque in Spanish and checkmate and rook in English.

Quebec French acquired its Anglicisms in a gradual process of linguistic borrowing resulting from living among and alongside English speakers for two and a half centuries since the Battle of the Plains of Abraham of 1759.

There are similarities between the Japanese language and the Korean language in lexicon and grammatical features, but there is dispute over whether these denote a common origin, or mere linguistic borrowing due to a sprachbund of neighboring languages that are adjacent to each other.

And the unhappiness over linguistic borrowings cuts both ways, said Dr. Segerstrale, whose new book, "Defenders of the Truth: The Battle for Science in the Sociobiology Debate and Beyond," will be published by Oxford University Press in March.

Borrowed expressions, as in linguistic borrowing generally, take on the coloration of the borrowing language; in time the borrowings become naturalized, so to speak, being fully incorporated into the borrowing language; at this point they are, for all practical purposes, words within the borrowing language.

If the association of Battle Axe cultures with Indo-European languages is correct, then Fatyanovo would be a culture with an Indo-European superstratum over a Uralic substratum, and may account for some of the linguistic borrowings identified in the Indo-Uralic thesis.