In other words, every energy level is at least doubly degenerate if it has half-integer spin.

Fermions, the particles that constitute ordinary matter, have half-integer spin.

That is, they have half-integer spin and obey Fermi-Dirac statistics.

Quantum mechanical wave functions representing particles with half-integer spin are called spinors.

It will have half-integer spin.

Particles of half-integer spin exhibit Fermi-Dirac statistics and are fermions.

Quantum spin chains are being studied in an attempt to understand the differences between integer and half-integer spin systems.

Each flavor is also associated with an antiparticle, called an "antineutrino", which also has no electric charge and half-integer spin.

Fermions are half-integer spin particles.

Fermions are particles that have half-integer spin (one of the fundamental properties of particles).

It states that bosons have integer spin, and fermions have half-integer spin.

The wave function of a system of identical half-integer spin particles changes sign when two particles are swapped.

The necessity of introducing half-integer spin goes back experimentally to the results of the Stern-Gerlach experiment.

Because both the half-integer spin fermions and the integer spin bosons can become gauge particles.

Odd-mass-number nuclides are fermions, i.e. have half-integer spin.

Since F-D statistics apply to particles with half-integer spin, these particles have come to be called fermions.

All particles have either integer spin or half-integer spin (in units of the reduced Planck constant ħ).

Creation/annihilation operators are different for bosons (integer spin) and fermions (half-integer spin).

The modern view on this is that photons are, by virtue of their integer spin, bosons (as opposed to fermions with half-integer spin).

A Fermion, named after Enrico Fermi, is a particle with a half-integer spin, such as electrons and protons.

In relativistic quantum field theory, the Pauli principle follows from applying a rotation operator in imaginary time to particles of half-integer spin.

The Pauli exclusion principle disallows two identical half-integer spin particles (electrons and all other fermions) from simultaneously occupying the same quantum state.

Fermi-Dirac (F-D) statistics apply to identical particles with half-integer spin in a system with thermodynamic equilibrium.

The spin-statistics theorem implies that half-integer spin particles are subject to the Pauli exclusion principle, while integer-spin particles are not.

In 2+1 dimensions, sources for the Chern-Simons theory can have exotic spins, despite the fact that the three-dimensional rotation group has only integer and half-integer spin representations.