Thus the amplitude of the galaxy rotation curve is related to the galaxy's visible mass.

There are a number of attempts to solve the problem of galaxy rotation curves without invoking dark matter.

Data from galaxy rotation curves indicate that around 90% of the mass of a galaxy cannot be seen.

He is most famous for his proposal of Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) as an alternative to the dark matter and galaxy rotation curve problems, in 1981.

Computer simulations show that MOND is generally very precise at predicting individual galaxy rotation curves, of all kinds of galaxies: spirals, ellipticals, dwarfs, etc.

The galaxy rotation problem is the discrepancy between the observed galaxy rotation curves and the Newtonian-Keplerian prediction assuming a centrally-dominated mass associated with the observed luminous material.

That dark matter theory continues to be supported as an explanation for galaxy rotation curves is because the evidence for dark matter is not solely derived from these curves.

She pioneered work on galaxy rotation rates, and uncovered the discrepancy between the predicted angular motion of galaxies and the observed motion, by studying galaxy rotation curves.

This leads to predictions which are very similar to cold dark matter on large scales, including the CMB, galaxy clustering and large galaxy rotation curves, but with less small-scale density perturbations.

STVG has been used successfully to explain galaxy rotation curves, the mass profiles of galaxy clusters, gravitational lensing in the Bullet Cluster, and cosmological observations without the need for dark matter.

Through her observations of galaxy rotation curves, astronomer Vera Rubin discovered the Galaxy rotation problem, now taken to be one of the key pieces of evidence for the existence of dark matter.

According to this hypothesis, which was proposed to account for the discrepancies in the galaxy rotation curve, which are more commonly attributed to dark matter, acceleration ceases to be linearly proportional to force at very low accelerations.

Each galaxy rotation curve fit was made without dark matter, using only the available photometric data (stellar matter and visible gas) and a two-parameter mass distribution model which made no assumption regarding the mass to light ratio.

Additionally, many puzzling experimental results, such as Galaxy rotation curves that imply dark matter or supernova observations that imply dark energy, could also potentially be explained by alternative theories of gravity (see, for example, MOND).

One of the most discussed alternatives is MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics), originally proposed by Mordehai Milgrom as a phenomenological explanation back in 1983 but which has been seen to have predictive power in accounting for galaxy rotation curves.

The simulation accounted for flat galaxy rotation curves without dark matter (the discrepancy between observed galaxy rotation curves and those simulated based on gravity alone has to be accounted for by introducing dark matter).

Brownstein and Moffat applied MOG and MOND to the question of galaxy rotation curves, and demonstrated excellent fits to a large sample of over 100 low-surface-brightness (LSB), high surface brightness (HSB) and dwarf galaxies.

For this reason, the amplitude of the galaxy rotation curve is related to the galaxy's mass; the Tully-Fisher relation is a direct observation of a close relationship between galaxy stellar mass (which sets the luminosity) and total gravitational mass (which sets the amplitude of the rotation curve).

Furthermore, data from a number of lines of other evidence, including galaxy rotation curves, gravitational lensing, structure formation, and the fraction of baryons in clusters and the cluster abundance combined with independent evidence for the baryon density, indicated that 85-90% of the mass in the universe does not interact with the electromagnetic force.