Both the average phase and the average frequency deviation are thus zero.

Frequency deviation on the receive signal increases with distance.

S is the ratio of frequency deviation when comparing the load versus the nominal frequency.

There are also variations in the concentrations of the required buffer gases, which variations cause frequency deviations.

If the frequency deviation is held constant and the modulation frequency increased, the spacing between spectra increases.

In electricity generation, droop speed control is the primary instantaneous system using net frequency deviations to distribute with stability load changes over generating plants.

AM broadcasting uses a channel spacing of 10 kHz, but with amplitude modulation frequency deviation is irrelevant.

Generally, FM demodulators are not affected by amplitude variations, since the baseband is contained in the frequency deviations.

The grid-friendly technology demonstration showed that common residential appliances did automatically detect grid problems expressed as frequency deviations and reduced energy consumption at critical moments.

Portable generators, not connected to a utility system, need not tightly regulate their frequency because typical loads are insensitive to small frequency deviations.

(Compare this with Chirp spread spectrum, which uses extremely wide frequency deviations to achieve processing gains comparable to traditional, better-known spread-spectrum modes).

It also differs from frequency deviation, which is the inherent and necessary result of modulation in both FM and phase modulation.

The closed loop operates to correct such frequency deviations; higher performance PLL reduces these fluctuations to lower values, however these deviations can never be stopped.

The volume is low as the frequency deviation for TV audio is only 25 kHz, versus 75 kHz for FM broadcasting.

Allan variance is defined as one half of the time average of the squares of the differences between successive readings of the frequency deviation sampled over the sampling period.

'Frequency deviation (Δf)' is used in Frequency modulation to describe the maximum instantaneous difference between an FM modulated frequency and the Center frequency.

The frequency deviation of a radio is of particular importance in relation to bandwidth, because less deviation means that more channels can fit into the same amount of frequency spectrum.

Small frequency deviations (i.e.- 0.5 Hz on a 50 Hz or 60 Hz network) will result in automatic load shedding or other control actions to restore system frequency.

Carson's bandwidth rule is expressed by the relation where CBR is the bandwidth requirement, is the peak frequency deviation, and is the highest frequency in the modulating signal.

As the frequency of the carrier changes, the balance between the two halves of the transformer secondary changes, and the result is a voltage proportional to the frequency deviation of the carrier.

The center frequency must be no more than 25 kHz from this nominal value and the frequency deviation must be no more than 25 kHz peak when being modulated.

In this equation, is the instantaneous frequency of the oscillator and is the frequency deviation, which represents the maximum shift away from f in one direction, assuming x(t) is limited to the range 1.

In half transponder mode, the frequency deviation of the composite baseband signal is reduced to 18 MHz to allow another signal in the other half of the 36 MHz transponder.

The short-term stability is measured by four main parameters: Allan variance (the most common one specified in oscillator data sheets), phase noise, spectral density of phase deviations, and spectral density of fractional frequency deviations.

OFDM requires very accurate frequency synchronization between the receiver and the transmitter; with frequency deviation the sub-carriers will no longer be orthogonal, causing inter-carrier interference (ICI) (i.e., cross-talk between the sub-carriers).