However, these flame cells are concealed by the vitellaria.

Flame cells function like a kidney, removing waste materials.

Microcotyle also has flame cells that function as a kidney and remove waste material.

In addition, they have pairs of large refractive vacuoles, which are found near the flame cells.

These combinations of flame cells and tube cells are called protonephredia.

Like most platyhelminthes, aspidogastreans use flame cells as an excretory mechanism.

Semiterrestrial and freshwater nemerteans have many more flame cells than marines, sometimes thousands.

Bundles of flame cells are called protonephridia.

The acanthocephalans lack an excretory system, although some species have been shown to possess flame cells (protonephridia).

Like some other flatworms, cestodes use flame cells (protonephridia), located in the proglottids, for excretion.

The excretory system is made of many tubes with many flame cells and excretory pores on them.

In nemertean protonephridia, flame cells which filter out the wastes are embedded in the front part of the two lateral fluid vessels.

The ends are called flame cells (if ciliated) or solenocytes (if flagellated); they function in osmoregulation and ionoregulation.

The flame cell has a nucleated cell body, with a "cup-shaped" projection, with flagella covering the inner surface of the cup.

The flame cells remove the wastes into two collecting ducts, one on either side, and each duct has one or more nephridiopores through which the wastes exit.

They also contain two pairs of flame cells; one pair located on the anterior between the eyespots and lateral papillae and one pair on the posterior side.

Flame cells energize unwanted liquids from the body by passing them through ducts that lead to excretory pores where waste is released on the dorsal surface of the planarian.

The cercariae are cystophorous, while the metacercariae have two flame cells, a large acetabulum, and a spiny cuticula with eight pen-shaped apical hooks, which are used to penetrate the snail intestines.

They prevent the propagation of flame from the exposed side of the unit to the protected side by the use of metal matrix creating a torturous path called a flame cell or element.

Unusually, the protonephridia do not take the form of flame cells, but instead the excretory cells consist of a skirt surrounding a series of cytoplasmic rods that in turn enclose a central flagellum.

A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in the simplest freshwater invertebrates, including flatworms (except the turbellarian order Acoela), rotifers and nemerteans; these are the simplest animals to have a dedicated excretory system.

The two excretory bladders are located dorsally, on the anterior side of the posterior sucker, connected to ducts, and three flame cell "bulbs" on each side of the body; the ducts contain cilia to aid the flow of excreta.

Flame cells, so called because the beating of their flagella looks like a flickering candle flame, extract from the mesenchyme water that contains wastes and some re-usable material, and drive it into networks of tube cells which are lined with flagella and microvilli.