The board also established a system of import certificates and export authorizations for the legal international trade in narcotics.

The export authorization may take the form of:

As a result, access to USML items by such employees must be specifically authorized under the relevant export authorization.

For example, Guatemala with the support of the Inter-American Development Bank changed to an electronic system for export authorization in 2000.

Visitors seeking to export any such property are required by Malian law to obtain an export authorization from the National Museum in Bamako.

Similarly, exporters of power from the United States into Canada require a United States Export Authorization.

This means that if, for example, a foreign person wants to Retransfer a USML item to another foreign person (such as a subcontractor), both foreign persons must be authorized under the relevant export authorization:

ITAR also operates to prohibit the "Retransfer" (also called "Re-export") of items on the USML by foreign persons unless the Retransfer is specifically authorized under the relevant export authorization.

The import certificate and export authorization system laid down in Article 31, paragraphs 4 to 15, which governs the international transactions in drugs and their preparations, does not apply to the preparations in Schedule III.

The U.S. Government may also require U.S. exporters that are party to an export authorization to develop a "Technology Transfer Control Plan" specific to that export authorization.

Restrictions on access to USML items by Dual and Third Country National employees of foreign persons essentially forces foreign persons to discriminate against their employees who do not meet the nationality criteria under an export authorization.

Where the export authorization relates to USML items that are classified information or are identified as "Significant Military Equipment" on the USML, a DSP-83 Nontransfer and Use Certificate will also be required.

If a U.S. export authorization is silent as to access by Dual and Third Country National employees of a foreign party, the authorization has the effect of limiting access to employees who are nationals only of the country of their employer.

If that person did not obtain Canadian citizenship but instead became a temporary or permanent Canadian resident, they would be treated as a UK Third Country National for the purposes of any U.S. export authorization to which their employer was a party.

If, however, the same person emigrated to Canada, obtained Canadian citizenship and commenced employment with a Canadian company, they would be treated as a Canadian-UK Dual National for the purposes of any U.S. export authorization to which their employer was a party.

This means that, for example a foreign person who is visiting the U.S. will remain a foreign person for the purposes of ITAR and any export of USML items to them inside the U.S. must be subject to an export authorization.

Clauses approved by the U.S. Department of State must be included in TAAs and MLAs in order to authorize access to USML items by Dual and Third Country National employees of foreign parties to the export authorization.

The treaties are designed to allow the exchange of technical data, defense articles and defense services (including USML items) without the need for export authorizations such as TAAs and MLAs, subject to restrictions on the type and classification of the technology in question and its intended end-use.

As a result, the U.S. Government and the Australian Government have drawn attention to the importance for U.S. companies to consult closely with foreign persons who will be subject to a U.S. export authorization before it is submitted to the U.S. Department of State for approval.

In the letter he co-signed with the chairmen of the Hughes Electronics Corporation and the Lockheed Martin Corporation, he wrote, "By making possible real 'one stop shopping' for all export authorizations related to commercial communications satellite systems, your decision will greatly enhance the ability of U.S. manufacturers to retain our global competitiveness."

Where a foreign person requires access to USML items exported under a specific export authorization, but that foreign person is not authorized under the export authorization, the export authorization must be amended and re-approved by the US Department of State.