“Quitting reduces the excess mortality rates for all major causes of death examined,” they added.

During heat waves, for instance, there is usually an excess mortality rate in the population, affecting especially older adults and those who are sick.

The overall excess mortality rate for the whole post-invasion survey period is listed as 7.8 deaths/1000/year in Table 3.

The Lancet authors based their calculations on an overall, post-invasion, excess mortality rate of 7.8/1000/year.

A report from the Commonwealth Statistician in 1934 found a 13 per cent excess mortality rate among veterans compared with similarly aged civilians.

The difference between the pre-invasion mortality rate and the different mortality rates after the invasion are the excess mortality rates for each period.

We know that hospital trusts had been sent "mortality alerts" by the Dr.Foster website, when their excess mortality rate hit worrying levels, since before 2004.

An analysis of excess mortality rates for persons with non-insulin-dependent diabetes in Western Australia using the Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Excess mortality rate over the pre-invasion period was therefore 7.8 per 1,000 population per year, with violent death accounting for 92% of the increased mortality rate.

EuroMoMo (Mortality Monitoring in Europe) is a project to calculate age-specific and region-specific excess mortality rates across England and Wales.

But that excess mortality rate reflected a very high rate of deaths in the early years of the study before HAART regimes were widely available, the study said.

A 1995 report published by American Public Health Association found: "excess mortality rates for lung cancer, pneumoconioses and other respiratory diseases, and tuberculosis for Navajo uranium miners."

Although Keogh investigated hospitals with excess mortality rates over the past two years, his report is expected to identify problems going back years, and there are signs that the Conservatives want to use it to attack Labour's record generally, and Burnham's in particular.

Applying the rate of deaths of drug users in the Doris study to the wider population of drug users in Scotland allowed the authors to estimate that 32 per cent of Scotland's excess mortality rate is because of the greater prevalence of problem drug abuse in the country.