The building society in its defence to counterclaim pleaded estoppel by deed.

Mr. Lloyd may be right in his answer to the estoppel by deed point.

That being so, the building society, which claimed through the Hammonds could not rely on estoppel by deed.

Estoppel by deed is a rule of evidence.

Estoppel by deed is a doctrine where rules of evidence prevent a litigant from denying the truth of what was said or done.

Estoppel by deed (USA)

But, submitted Mr. Lloyd, the Hammonds, the other parties to the transfer, could not, by reason of their own fraud, raise an estoppel by deed.

It is true that estoppel by representation was not pleaded, but estoppel by deed was pleaded and the evidence was sufficient to support the former plea.

This doctrine is comparable to, but somewhat broader than, the doctrine of legal estoppel, assignor estoppel, or estoppel by deed in U.S. law.

Originally a principle of real property law, applicable to deeds of land and called estoppel by deed, the Supreme Court extended legal estoppel to patents in Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co. v. Formica Insulation Co.

Estoppel by deed is a rule of evidence arising from the status of a contract signed under seal - such agreements, called deeds, are more strictly enforced than ordinary contracts and the parties are expected to take greater care to verify the contents before signing them.