The electric displacement field can also be measured by following the current.

The electric displacement field is the dual of the magnetizing field.

The electric displacement field is defined as:

In free space, the electric displacement field is equivalent to flux density, a concept that lends understanding to Gauss's law.

There is also a displacement current corresponding to the time-varying electric displacement field D:

In physics, the electric displacement field, denoted by D, is a vector field that appears in Maxwell's equations.

Electric displacement field The constraint of causality leads to the Kramers-Kronig relation s, which place limitations upon the form of the frequency dependence.

The electric displacement field, D and the auxiliary magnetic field, H form an antisymmetric contravariant rank 2 tensor density of weight +1.

Maxwell's equations describe the behavior of electromagnetic fields; electric field, electric displacement field, magnetic field and magnetic field strength.

In terms of Maxwell's equations in a dielectric, this gives a relationship between the electric displacement field D and the electric field E:

In electromagnetism, displacement current is a quantity appearing in Maxwell's equations that is defined in terms of the rate of change of electric displacement field.

On the surface of Titan, the electrical conductivity and permittivity (i.e., the ratio of electric displacement field to its electric field) of the surface material was measured.

An electric flux (specifically, a flux of the electric displacement field D) has units of charge: statC in cgs and coulombs in SI.

In electromagnetism, the electric displacement field D represents how an electric field E influences the organization of electrical charges in a given medium, including charge migration and electric dipole reorientation.

Maxwell's equations state that, to satisfy the continuity of the normal component of the electric displacement field D at an interface, the corresponding E-field must undergo a discontinuity with higher amplitude in the low-refractive-index side.

By convention, the electric constant ε appears in the relationship that defines the electric displacement field D in terms of the electric field E and classical electrical polarization density P of the medium.

These quantities are specifically, the electric displacement field D, the magnetic field intensity B, and the Poynting vector S. Theoretically, when regarding the conserved quantities, or fields, the metamaterial exhibits a twofold capability.

Gauss's law can be stated using either the electric field E or the electric displacement field D. This section shows some of the forms with E; the form with D is below, as are other forms with E.

Furthermore, if we wish to describe the electric displacement field D and the magnetic field H in a medium other than vacuum, we need to also define the constants ε and μ, which are the vacuum permittivity and permeability, respectively.

Each of these forms in turn can also be expressed two ways: In terms of a relation between the electric field E and the total electric charge, or in terms of the electric displacement field D and the free electric charge.

(integral form), where H is the magnetic H field (also called "auxiliary magnetic field", "magnetic field intensity", or just "magnetic field"), D is the electric displacement field, and J is the enclosed conduction current or free current density.

The free charge density serves as a useful simplification in Gauss's law for electricity; the volume integral of it is the free charge enclosed in a charged object - equal to the net flux of the electric displacement field D emerging from the object: