cytogenetically

Grown in HT1080 cells, they are mitotically and cytogenetically stable for up to six months.

Microchromosomes are characteristically very small and often cytogenetically indistinguishable in a karyotype.

A pericentric inversion between 10p11.2 and 10q11.2 has not been described during human chromosome 10 evolution, but this would be difficult to detect cytogenetically.

For example, the cytogenetically defined MDS subtype del(5q) represents a distinct clinical entity.

Such an 'assembly-corrected' alignment was performed using genes/ESTs that have been mapped cytogenetically and also placed on the assembly.

The first cancer genome to be sequenced was from cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukaemia by Ley et al. in November 2008 .

Also, all individuals that have been cytogenetically diagnosed with Roberts syndrome have also had mutations in the ESCO2 gene.

Although the family Atherinopsidae includes 104 species (13 genera), only 17 species have been cytogenetically studied to date, demonstrating that cytogenetic studies in this group are still scarce.

TET2 mutations have prognostic value in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML).

In adults younger than 60 years, approximately 15% of cytogenetically normal AML cases have mutations in CEBPA.

Schlenk RF, Döhner K, Krauter J, et al.: Mutations and treatment outcome in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia.

Furthermore mutations of IDH2 and IDH1 were found in up to 20% of cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Very recently, Vazquez et al. [ 20] applied this technology in dissected Drosophila spermatocytes from animals that have integrated the lac operator arrays at cytogenetically defined genomic loci.

In particular, medulloblastmas/PNETs may possibly be differentiated cytogenetically from AT/RTs as chromosomal deletions of 17p are relatively common with medulloblastoma and abnormalities of 22q11.2 are not seen.

One study from the German-Austrian Acute Myeloid Leukemia Study Group examined data on 872 patients with cytogenetically normal AML treated with intensive induction and postremission regimens over an 11-year period.

Paschka P, Marcucci G, Ruppert AS, et al.: Wilms' tumor 1 gene mutations independently predict poor outcome in adults with cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia: a cancer and leukemia group B study.

Morphologically, aCML is characterized by myelodysplasia associated with bone marrow and peripheral blood patterns similar to chronic myelogenous leukemia, but cytogenetically it lacks a Philadelphia chromosome or BCR/ABL fusion gene.

Gaidzik VI, Schlenk RF, Moschny S, et al.: Prognostic impact of WT1 mutations in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia: a study of the German-Austrian AML Study Group.

If it is required to cytogenetically demonstrate the activity or otherwise of paternally or maternally derived X chromosomes in cells of fetal origin, the first requirement is to mark one of them so that it can be distinguished from the other one.

In children, WT1 mutations were frequently biallelic, clustered in cytogenetically normal AML and when combined with FLT3-ITD mutations portended a significantly worse prognosis (overall survival rate of 21%) than those with either mutation alone.

Loss of 7q is known to be predictive for rapid progression and poor response in AML therapy.MPN-blast phase patients with cytogenetically undetectable 7q copy neutral-LOH had comparable survival rates to those with 7/7q in their leukemic cells.

Duplication events that occurred a long time ago in the history of various evolutionary lineages can be difficult to detect because of subsequent diploidization (such that a polyploid starts to behave cytogenetically as a diploid over time) as mutations and gene translations gradually make one copy of each chromosome unlike its counterpart.