The other two types of charters are basically contracts of affreightment.

Most of these are merchantmen under contracts of affreightment with the Federation.

Spot hire agreements help provide an efficient balance with the contract of affreightment business, where work is guaranteed but not necessarily regular.

The most important example of illegality in the case of contracts of affreightment is when the contract involves trading with an enemy.

It must not be supposed that even these primary obligations, which are introduced into every contract of affreightment not by express terms of the contract.

Traditionally, the long form bill of lading contained all the clauses of the contract of affreightment including charges, fees and related costs.

The law with regard to the contract of affreightment is, of course, a branch of the general law of contract.

Contracts of affreightment, usually 12 months agreements, provide more of a logistics challenge for P&O Roadtank traffic planners.

They use four types of contractual arrangements: the voyage charter, the contract of affreightment, the time charter and the bareboat charter.

These bankers claimed that NVOCC bills were not true receipts of shipments, contracts of affreightment, or documents of title.

After an outstanding academic career he developed a busy practice in commercial cases, and wrote The Contract of Affreightment as Expressed in Charter-parties and Bills of Lading (1886).

A Contract of Affreightment is a contract similar to a voyage charter, but ship-owner undertakes to carry a number of cargoes within a specified period of time on a specified route.

Under the English Bill of Lading Act of 1855, the rights under the contract of affreightment are transferred only to a person 'to whom the property in the goods passes upon or by reason of endorsement.'

These disputes involved "contracts of affreightment, collisions, mariners' wages, and other causes of admiralty jurisdiction", and litigants of matters arising in St. Louis found it inconvenient to travel to Jefferson City for their cases to be tried.

Clearly, Bryan Haworth's aim is being realised: contracted business accounted for 66 per cent of turnover for P&O Roadtanks in 1992 with 25 per cent from contracts of affreightment and nine per cent from spot hire.

Where the possession of a ship is given up to a hirer, who appoints his own master and crew, different considerations apply; but though the instrument by which the ship is let may be called a charter-party, it is not truly a contract of affreightment.

After selling the four old vessels Næss liquidated Nortuna Shipping and concentrated on Norness Shipping, and after a dull start he started using "Contracts of Affreightment" in a 1954 agreement with American Independent Oil Company, of San Francisco.

However, the owner of the cargo is entitled under the contract of affreightment to the ordinary service of the ship and crew for the safe carriage of the cargo to its destination, and the shipowner is bound to pay all ordinary expenses incurred for the purpose of the voyage.

As a common carrier, the NVOCC enters into contracts of affreightment with his shipper, issues his own bill of lading, and assumes full responsibility for the carriage not merely from port of shipment to port of discharge, but from the point of origin to point of destination.

The result is, that certain more or less common clauses in contracts of affreightment have come before the courts for construction, and the decisions in these cases are treated practically, though not perhaps quite logically, as rules of law determining the sense to be put upon certain forms of expression in common use in shipping contracts.