citrinin

Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements.

In addition, a second secondary metabolite citrinin is produced as well.

Citrinin is a poison that may cause kidney damage.

Citrinin is used as a reagent in biological research.

Red yeast that is not fermented correctly may contain citrinin.

In addition, four of the products contained elevated levels of the toxin citrinin.

Citrinin is produced by a variety of fungi, including:

Citrinin can permeate through the human skin.

Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum.

Four of the formulations also contained citrinin, a toxin from fungus that is harmful to the kidneys.

Citrinin is associated with yellow rice disease in Japan and acts as a nephrotoxin in all animal species tested.

Citrinin acts as a nephrotoxin in all species in which it has been tested, but its acute toxicity varies.

A. ochraceus is known to produce the toxin ochratoxin A, one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins, and citrinin.

Mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, citrinin, and patulin, among others.

"However, our study found dramatic variability of monacolin levels in commercial products and the presence of citrinin in one-third of formulations," they write.

The safety of red yeast rice products has not been established, and some commercial supplements have been found to contain high levels of the toxin citrinin.

More recently, citrinin has also been isolated from Monascus ruber and Monascus purpureus, industrial species used to produce red pigments.

Gordon cited a separate analysis of red yeast rice products, in which four of 12 contained a toxin known as citrinin, which can harm the kidneys.

Citrinin can also act synergistically with Ochratoxin A to depress RNA synthesis in murine kidneys.

Citrinin is a toxin that was first isolated from Penicillium citrinum, but has been identified in over a dozen species of Penicillium and several species of Aspergillus.

Ajaz Ahmad, M Mujeeb, Bibhu Prasad Panda (2010) An HPTLC Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of Compactin and Citrinin in Penicillium citrinum Fermentation Broth.