He specialises in international commercial law - international sales, carriage by sea, parts of the conflict of laws and the law of agency.

Hamburg applies generally to 'all contracts of carriage by sea between two different States,' and specifically to the 'bill of lading or other document evidencing the contract of carriage by sea.'

The first example is that, in Article 3, we discover that the directive would not apply to the carriage by sea of hazardous substances, to the damage caused by oil pollution and to the damage caused by nuclear activities.