The formation of the carbocation is the slow rate determining step.

Both of them can carry out the nucleophilic attack on the carbocation.

In the first step, the leaving group departs, forming a carbocation.

The resulting carbocation is then attacked by a molecule of water.

When an organic molecule has a positive charge, it is called a carbocation.

First, the leaving group is eliminated creating a carbocation.

A 1,3-hydride shift then takes place to give a more stable allylic carbocation.

Then, once the carbocation is formed, subsequent rearrangements can occur.

Driving force is the stabilization of said carbocation by the beta-silicon effect.

The reaction proceeds though a single electron transfer process, involving a carbocation.

Further cyclisation occurs yielding the 5 and 7-membered ring carbocation.

In present day chemistry, a carbocation is any positively charged carbon atom.

Often, the rate-limiting step is the initial formation of an unstable species such as a carbocation.

A rearrangement reaction of the carbocation follows with ring closure to 9.

Therefore, carbocation/ positive charge effects can not be ignored in the discussion of the factors influencing product distribution.

The halogen is now the nucleophile recombining with the carbocation.

The nucleophile (electron donor) attacks the carbocation to give the product.

That electrophilic addition gives a raise to carbocation intermediate.

The propagating species is not a carbocation but an oxonium ion.

In this process, solid acids are used as catalyst to generate the incipient carbocation.

This new mechanism would have to de-stress the carbocation as there are other factors that influence ring expansion.

Another pathway in which water molecule combines directly to the intermediate carbocation (lower way) is also possible.

This forms a temporary tertiary carbocation, which is a very reactive electrophile.

A problem with the Ritter reaction is the necessity of an extremely strong acid catalyst in order to produce the carbocation.

The reaction proceeds by acid catalysis where the double bond in 7 opens to form the carbocation 8.