bound electron

He punctured each with a bolt of tightly bound electrons.

Atomic models will consist of a single nucleus that may be surrounded by one or more bound electrons.

Bound electrons in the vibrating atoms may be boosted temporarily to a higher energy level.

The equivalent velocity of a bound electron needed to produce its orbital kinetic energy.

The wave-like behavior of a bound electron is described by a function called an atomic orbital.

At breakdown, the electric field frees bound electrons.

A high energy electron interacts with a bound electron in an atom and ejects it.

This leads to the conclusion that bound electrons cannot have just any amount of energy but only a certain amount of energy.

Electron excitation is the transfer of a bound electron to a more energetic, but still bound state.

As a bound electron transitions between different energy levels of an atom, it will absorb or emit photons at characteristic frequencies.

Air is transparent because visible light lacks enough energy to excite its tightly bound electrons to higher quantum states, so photons pass through without absorption.

Physically, these are associated with the outgoing waves that are generated when a tightly bound electron is excited to a high-lying state.

For example, it causes groups of bound electrons to occupy different orbitals in an atom, rather than all overlapping each other in the same orbit.

An electrically neutral atom contains bound electrons equal in number to the protons in the nucleus.

As with classical potentials, the potential energy is usually set to zero at infinity, leading to a negative potential energy for bound electron states.

He also took up the study of positron annihilation in solids, which became a new tool for measuring the momentum distribution of bound electrons.

Sufficiently large nuclei, if they were stable, would reduce their charge by creating a bound electron from the vacuum, ejecting the positron to infinity.

Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from their orbits, causing atoms to become charged or ionized.

Light is also absorbed by bound electrons using the energy to climb out of their trapped state, or at least climb to a higher trapped state.

Photovoltaic -(adj) Capable of generating an electrical voltage with the input of light energy, through the liberation of bound electrons in a preferred direction.

In a lithium atom, with three bound electrons, the third electron cannot reside in a 1s state, and must occupy one of the higher-energy 2s states instead.

High concentrations of bound electrons (bound in one place, but elastically movable by a short distance) are the "water" that slows down the flight of light.

In atoms, this occurs because larger atoms have more loosely held electrons in contrast to smaller atoms with tightly bound electrons.

If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band.

The name "tight binding" of this electronic band structure model suggests that this quantum mechanical model describes the properties of tightly bound electrons in solids.