It is therefore anticipated that there will be a lag phase between restoration of blood volume and return of base deficit to normal.

The base deficit remained significantly high after blood reinfusion (-7.2 mmol/l after 60 min).

Base deficit with elevated anion gap indicates addition of acid (e.g., ketoacidosis).

At the same time, there was also a significant correlation between base deficit and Pe CO 2 (Fig.

In such instances, base deficit (or other global parameters of tissue perfusion) may be a better index for the end-point of resuscitation.

After blood reinfusion, unlike base deficit, the Pa CO 2 rapidly normalized (Table 1).

The serum anion gap is useful for determining whether a base deficit is caused by addition of acid or loss of bicarbonate.

A base deficit (i.e., a negative base excess) can be correspondingly defined in terms of the amount of strong base that must be added.

In human physiology, base excess and base deficit refer to an excess or deficit, respectively, in the amount of base present in the blood.

A linear regression analysis was also performed to evaluate association between Pe CO 2 -Pa CO 2 gap and the base deficit.

The base deficit became slightly more negative after mild hemorrhage but was significantly reduced after severe hemorrhage (-5.5 mmol/l and -14.4 mmol/l, respectively).

In fetal electrocardiography, ST waveform analysis (sometimes abbreviated STAN) is used to get an indication of increasing levels of fetal base deficit.

A significant correlation was found between base deficit and Pe CO 2 -Pa CO 2 gap during hemorrhagic hypotension (Fig.

Porter and Ivatury [ 46] demonstrated that the use of base deficit, lactate, and/or gastric intramucosal pH are appropriate end-points of resuscitation for trauma patients.

A base deficit (a below-normal base excess), thus metabolic acidosis, usually involves either excretion of bicarbonate or neutralization of bicarbonate by excess organic acids.

It is not a substitute for blood gases checked in a laboratory, because it gives no indication of base deficit, carbon dioxide levels, blood pH, or bicarbonate (HCO) concentration.

Conclusion The data presented here demonstrate that Pe CO 2 -Pa CO 2 gap increases during hemorrhagic hypotension and reverses after resuscitation, without complete recovery of base deficit.

This, of course, is nothing to do with security per se but to do with the largesse that comes with it - without the security based deficit spending over the last decade our economy would have tanked a whole lot quicker.

Esophageal-arterial partial carbon dioxide tension gap and base deficit The Pe CO 2 -PaP CO 2 was significantly increased after mild and severe hemorrhage, and returned to baseline values following blood reinfusion (Fig.

Capnometry and end-points of resuscitation An interesting observation in the present study was the delayed recovery of base deficit after resuscitation (Table 1), whereas Pe CO 2 , Pa CO 2 , and the gap between them were actually recovered (Fig.