More than 400 different types of abnormal hemoglobin have been found, but the most common are:

This is how abnormal hemoglobin variants are isolated and identified using these two methods.

Individuals with one copy of the defunct gene display both normal and abnormal hemoglobin.

Depending on the other type of abnormal hemoglobin, these people may have mild or severe sickle cell disorder.

Sickle-cell disease is a genetic disease that results in abnormal hemoglobin molecules.

Any condition that results in the production of abnormal hemoglobin is included under the broad category of hemoglobinopathies.

These abnormal red blood cells, carrying an abnormal hemoglobin known as hemoglobin S, are fragile.

The changes in the building of normal hemoglobin result in the abnormal hemoglobin of sickle cell disease.

Abnormal hemoglobin can keep red blood cells from receiving enough oxygen and can deprive tissues of oxygen.

Certain abnormal hemoglobin variants also have higher than normal affinity for oxygen, and so are also poor at delivering oxygen to the periphery.

With sickle cell and beta thalassemia, genetic defects result in the production of abnormal hemoglobin that can lead to dangerous and even lethal symptoms.

Those who are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele produce both normal and abnormal hemoglobin (the two alleles are co-dominant).

People with hemoglobin C trait have red blood cells that have normal hemoglobin A and an abnormal hemoglobin.

Its also the most frequent abnormal hemoglobin variant in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China.

Abnormal Hemoglobin in Human Populations (Aldine Press, 1967)

Data on the Abnormal Hemoglobin's and Glucose-Six-Phosphate Deficiency in Human Populations (1973)

Hemoglobin E or haemoglobin E (HbE) is an abnormal hemoglobin with a single point mutation in the β chain.

Abnormal hemoglobin types may be present without any other symptoms, may cause mild diseases that do not have symptoms, or cause diseases that can be life-threatening.

Other common causes of low hemoglobin include loss of blood, nutritional deficiency, bone marrow problems, chemotherapy, kidney failure, or abnormal hemoglobin (such as that of sickle-cell disease).

Those with sickle cell disease have abnormal hemoglobin in their red blood cells that causes the normally round cells to stiffen and take on jagged shapes that often look like sickles.

Cation Exchange High-performance liquid chromatography (CE-HPLC): a chromatographic technique used to separate and quantify various normal and abnormal hemoglobin components in blood.

For example, these diseases include, abnormal hemoglobin, inability to manufacture one or the other of the peptide globin chains of the hemoglobin, and deficiencies of the Embden-Meyerhoff monophosphate.

In summary, newly mutated abnormal hemoglobin and G6PD deficiency genes, arising in malarious environments, can quite rapidly become common and attain stable polymorphisms within 1,000 to 3,000 years, depending on the intensity of selection.

Individuals who are homozygous (with two copies of the abnormal hemoglobin beta allele) have sickle-cell anaemia, while those who are heterozygous (with one abnormal allele and one normal allele) experience resistance to malaria.

Persons homozygous for abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) genes often have fitnesses lower than those with normal Hb, while heterozygotes have a greater fitness because of relative resistance to malaria, thereby maintaining stable polymorphisms in malarious environments.