He directed each agency leader to conduct a waste and efficiency review, targeting unnecessary or inefficient spending in areas like contracting.

However, the extent to which the differences create additional constraints on the CIOs depends on how they and agency leaders respond to them.

In part, agency leaders become overwhelmed by fear of causing public panic.

In so doing, the model highlights the importance of a sustained commitment by agency leaders to maximize the value of their agencies' human capital and to manage related risks.

Of course, the struggle to keep clients from seeking advice elsewhere has been one of the most pressing recent concerns among agency leaders.

"But as agency leaders, we're still on the hook for it."

Every year, patent agency leaders fight to keep as much of the fees as possible.

But agency leaders acknowledge that if parks are not made relevant to a new generation of immigrants and children, they may have little political support in the future.

"What clients want most are ideas, innovation, creativity," he added, while all too often agency leaders have a "focus on money rather than on results for clients."

The shuttle focused agency leaders' attention on studying the Earth from orbit, not on the other planets.