Company growth results in vertical management structures, while the transactions which provide products and services move horizontally.

Under vertical management, by comparison, the store manager essentially acts as an administrator, and department personnel communicate directly with outside executives.

He reorganised the party's structure, both in its regional formation and its vertical management hierarchy.

As the weeks pass, and the posts are filled, horizontal freelancing should give way to proper vertical management: advice up, orders down.

"We've set up a central interrogation system that contradicts our entire vertical management structure," Mr. O'Reilly said.

The ZCE is under the vertical management of China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC).

The appropriate use of technology should not only ease the development and reporting of information needed to fuel management processes across the organization, but also to achieve consistent horizontal and vertical management integration.

According to the reform plan, China will conduct a regime of vertical management in drug supervision and management departments, intensify supervision and control over medicines, and gradually set up a drug management system featuring legal management, unified law enforcement, standard codes of conduct, honest practice and high efficiency.