The disturbance "is attributed to the chelating action which removes zinc from the tapetal cells."

As the sporogenous cells undergo mitosis, the nuclei of tapetal cells also divide.

The tapetal cells may be uni-, bi- or multinucleate and possess dense cytoplasm.

Plants in the order share a number of synapomorphies that tie them together, such as a lack of mycorrhizal associations and tapetal raphides.

Four chambers (pollen sacs) lined with nutritive tapetal cells are visible by the time the microspores are produced.

Chemical inhibitors of pollen development and many male sterile mutants have effects on the secretion of these globules by the tapetal cells.

Researchers estimate that a cat's light sensitivity is nearly six times that of man's, and they say this is probably mainly because of the tapetal reflection.

Examples include the cells of the musculoskeletal systems of mammals, the tapetal cells of plants, and the storage cells of Douglas-fir seeds.

Electron microscopy shows that the tapetal cells that surround the developing pollen grain in the anther have a highly active secretory system containing lipophilic globules.

SCR/SP11 - are small polymorphic peptides produced by the tapetal cells of anthers and is involved in self-incompatibility of Brassica species.

Other apomorphic characters of the order according to Stevens are: the presence of chelidonic acid, anthers longer than wide, tapetal cells bi- to tetra-nuclear, tegmen not persistent, endosperm helobial, and loss of mitochondrial gene sdh3.