It is important to your interpretation of this to understand the staining mechanisms involved.

• Investigate staining mechanisms in hard maple and other high-value hardwood species, and develop solutions.

Research carried out in the early 1990s demonstrated the complex chemistry involved in the staining mechanism but was unable to identify an effective treatment to eliminate it.

Structures that stain with aluminium-hematein (haemalum) are often said to be basophilic, but the staining mechanism is not as simple as for basic (cationic) dyes with smaller molecules.