It started with a single shaft kiln then expanded embracing new technology.

The first were simple shaft kilns, similar in construction to blast furnaces.

One design was the shaft kiln, similar in design to a blast furnace.

These were of the continuous burning vertical"type which were also known as Shaft Kilns.

These are counter-current shaft kilns.

Due to temperature peak at the burners up to 1200 C in a shaft kiln conditions are ideal to produce medium and hard burned lime.

The low shaft kilns (Schachtöfen) were built of natural rock and earth from the vicinity, and were by no means simple in their construction.

Nowadays, however, shaft kilns are a favorite of local governments because they can be built cheaply and quickly and generate growth and employment.

The Paraho II technology based demonstration plant built in 2009-2011 at the new location consists of a vertical shaft kiln.

On the other hand, fuel consumption was relatively high because of poor heat exchange compared with shaft kilns, leading to excessive heat loss in exhaust gases.

High temperature processing including rotary and vertical shaft kilns, high-pressure boilers and fluid bed furnaces.

Development of Vertical Shaft Kiln (VSK) mini cement plants.

Multi-fuel Burners for Boosting Lime Quality and Fuel Efficiency in Shaft Kilns.

In general, externally generated hot gas technologies are similar to internal combustion technologies in that they also process oil shale lumps in vertical shaft kilns.

Modern installations partially overcome this disadvantage by adding a preheater, which has the same good solids/gas contact as a shaft kiln, but fuel consumption is still somewhat higher, typically in range of 4.5 to 6 MJ/kg.

The shaft kiln had a brief period of use before it was eclipsed by the rotary kiln, but it had a limited renaissance from 1970 onward in China and elsewhere, when it was used for small-scale, low-tech plants in rural areas away from transport routes.