Thus, in the first case, the effect would be a placebo, and in the second, a nocebo.

In 1961 Kennedy introduced the word nocebo.

Nocebo topped the Finnish album chart and was certified gold on the day of its release.

Both nocebo and placebo effects are entirely psychogenic.

In medicine, a nocebo is a harmless substance that creates harmful effects in a patient who takes it.

In 2012 Stam1na released their fifth album entitled Nocebo.

Nocebo is the fifth album by Finnish thrash metal band Stam1na.

Experiments have shown that no relationship exists between an individual's measured hypnotic susceptibility and his/her manifestation of nocebo or placebo responses.

Nocebo was produced, recorded and mixed by American producer Joe Barresi.

Most of the disease described as Dongti were probably just normal disease strengthened by the Nocebo effect.

Nocebo: see "Ambiguity of Anthropological Usage".

The nocebo effect is the negative reaction experienced by a patient who receives a nocebo.

There are two reasons a patient may experience symptoms when given a dummy pill: a true nocebo effect and underlying symptoms that are misattributed to the placebo.

For example, precisely the same inert agents can produce analgesia and hyperalgesia, the first of which, from this definition, would be a placebo, and the second a nocebo.

L'effet nocebo (The nocebo effect: Investigating ways and mechanisms of the remote influence), 1989.

Rather than being caused by a biologically active compound in the nocebo or placebo itself, these reactions result from a subject's expectations about how the substance will affect him or her.

In the strictest sense, a nocebo response occurs when a drug trial's subject's symptoms are worsened by the administration of an inert, sham, or dummy (simulator) treatment, called a placebo.

As the meaning of the two inter-related and opposing terms has extended, we now find anthropologists speaking, in various contexts, of nocebo or placebo (harmful or helpful) rituals:

Kennedy, W P., "The Nocebo Reaction", Medical World, Vol.95, (September 1961), pp.203-205.

And, finally, and most definitely, Kennedy was not speaking of an active drug's unwanted, but pharmacologically predictable negative side-effects (something for which the term nocebo is being increasingly used in current literature).

To distinguish the positive from the negative effects of belief, the scientists use the terms placebo for positive effects and nocebo, or negative placebo, to refer to the negative effects.

Spiegel, H., "Nocebo: The Power of Suggestibility", Preventive Medicine, Vol.26, No.5, (1 September 1997), pp.616-621.

But the placebo (Latin for "I will please") and its shadowy twin the nocebo ("I will harm") are much more than methodological problems: they lie at the heart of every interaction between doctor and patient.

Hahn, R.A., "The Nocebo Phenomenon: Concept, Evidence, and Implications for Public Health", Preventive Medicine, Vol.26, No.5, (September 1997), pp.607-611.

Harrington, E.R., The Nocebo Effect: A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Suggestion on Reports of Physical Symptoms, (Ph.D.