It can be caused by cramp of the pubococcygeus or levator ani muscles.

These exercises aim to increase the strength of the pelvic floor muscles (mainly levator ani).

The iliococcygeal raphe is a raphe representing the midline location where the levator ani converge.

With recurrent straining, e.g. during difficult labour or long term constipation, then stretch injury can damage the nerves supplying levator ani.

The Coccygeus is a muscle of the pelvic floor, located posterior to levator ani and anterior to the sacrospinous ligament.

They reported similar increases in the cross sectional area of levator ani produced with both pelvic floor exercises and hypopressive exercises.

Levator ani nerve is a nerve to levator ani muscles.

Conversely, levator ani from younger symptomatic patient (age 38) exhibited hypertrophy of muscle cells, accompanied by increased cytoplasmic p27 expression and manifestation of PFD.

It is not known if estrogen receptor beta is expressed, but levator ani muscle fibers show nuclear expression of progesterone and androgen receptors [ 26 ] .

To preserve normal defecation, coccygectomy normally is accompanied by re-attachment (also known as re-approximation) of the two levator ani muscles and of the perineum, parts of the pelvic floor.

In addition, nuclear LHR staining was also detected in levator ani striated muscle fibers, some of which were centrally (abnormally) located in this sample (white arrowheads, Fig.

The irregularity of this line is because the origin of the Levator ani, which in lower forms is from the pelvic brim, is in man lower down, on the obturator fascia.

A commonly used protocol for determining the androgenic:anabolic ratio, dating back to the 1950s, uses the relative weights of ventral prostate (VP) and levator ani muscle (LA) of male rats.

Internal intercostal, Obliquus Internus, Obliquus Externus, Levator Ani, Triangularis Sterni, Transversalis, Pyramidalis, and Rectus Abdominus.

At the higher dosages (800 mg of the water, chloroform, methanol, or butanol extracted fraction of Eurycoma longifolia per kg of body weight), the effects were more pronounced for both sexual motivation and levator ani size increase.

The fibers of the levator ani pass downward and backward to the middle line of the floor of the pelvis; the most posterior are inserted into the side of the last two segments of the coccyx; those placed more anteriorly unite with the muscle of the opposite side, in the anococcygeal body.

The inferior layer is known as the anal fascia; it is attached above to the obturator fascia along the line of origin of the Levator ani, while below it is continuous with the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, and with the fascia on the Sphincter ani internus.