The first is used as a defense for temporary insanity or involuntary conduct, resulting in acquittal.

Few sources enumerate the entirety of what constitutes voluntary and involuntary conduct.

A few sources, such as the Model Penal Code, provide a more thorough treatment of involuntary conduct:

Voluntary conduct-conduct which free and informed-is more likely to be regarded as a novus actus interveniens than involuntary conduct.