From 1902, he represented employers before the new Industrial Arbitration Court.

Industrial arbitration refers to this process taking place in which labor and management will sit down and solve a dispute.

In 1929 when Bruce tried to bring in new laws to change the industrial arbitration system, this was too much for Hughes.

In the Australian context, this model was encouraged through a comprehensive mechanism of centralised wage fixing and an industrial arbitration system.

Various laws were introduced providing for improvements in the accommodation of rural workers, changes in the industrial arbitration system, and a 44-hour workweek.

The Liberals also introduced a long-lasting system of industrial arbitration, but this was not enough to prevent bitter industrial unrest in 1912-13.

Instead, the Nationalist premiers met separately and demanded that Bruce remand control of industrial arbitration back to the individual states.

In January 1951 the Arbitration Court awarded a 15% wage increase to all workers covered by the industrial arbitration system.

Advised Federal Agencies He wrote a dozen professional books and edited several others, on topics like industrial arbitration, collective bargaining and the postwar economic recovery in Europe.

However, only a year later, the embittered Hughes led a group of backbenchers to cross the floor on a vote on Bruce's plans to reform the industrial arbitration system.

The Scullin administration immediately rolled back several of the Bruce government's measures deemed to be anti-labor - including changes made to industrial arbitration and competition, and the immediate abolition of compulsory military training.

In 1918 Beeby, who had in the meanwhile been elected to the assembly for Wagga Wagga, succeeded in passing an industrial arbitration amendment act though it was strongly opposed by the Labour party.

The "Australian compact", based around centralised industrial arbitration, a degree of government assistance particularly for primary industries, and White Australia, was to continue for many years before gradually dissolving in the second half of the 20th century.

Among the measures passed were the industrial arbitration act, labour exchanges act, workers' compensation act, inspection of machinery and scaffolding act, factories and shops amendment act, and workers' compensation amendment act.

In the case, the applicant, who was a company director, challenged an order of the Industrial Arbitration Court ("IAC") which had made him personally liable for paying the retrenchment benefits of the company's employees.

This meant that in many cases the system of industrial arbitration was no longer available to resolve disputes, particularly where what was sought by workers was an increase in wages and conditions in excess of a centrally-fixed, minimum wage "safety net".

(By this decision, the system of industrial arbitration that had been in place for 30 years, and which involved judges of the Conciliation and Arbitration Court acting in both a judicial and an administrative capacity, was overturned.)

The following year, he was appointed as a Royal Commissioner by the Government of New South Wales to inquire into labour shortages, and was appointed a commissioner again in 1913 to inquire into industrial arbitration in New South Wales.

A stalwart Liberal and Gladstonian, and a formidable journalist in his own right, he gained prominence within the Liberal Party through his tireless efforts for the causes of industrial arbitration and education, and was an early advocate of Irish Home Rule.

The essence of the second part of the doctrine was that the Commonwealth and States were immune to each other's laws, and could not mutually regulate each other's governmental apparatus: for instance, they could not tax the wages of each other's employees or force each other's employees to submit to compulsory industrial arbitration.