Some evidence suggests that genetic factors are to blame for improper fetal-maternal signaling.

Fetal-maternal haemorrhage is the loss of fetal blood cells into the maternal circulation.

Haig has demonstrated that the fetal-maternal relationship involves conflict as well as cooperation.

Placental hypoperfusion is linked to abnormal modelling of the fetal-maternal interface that may be immunologically mediated.

The Apt test can also be used to detect the presence of fetal blood in the maternal circulation in cases of suspected fetal-maternal hemorrhage.

The KB test is the standard method of quantitating fetal-maternal hemorrhage (FMH).

Preeclampsia refers to abnormal placental growth which can cause multiple problems including preterm labor, polyhydramnios, gravidarum, hyperemesis and fetal-maternal hemorrhage.

This pathway is important because the syncytiotrophoblast plays an important role in fetal-maternal gas exchange, nutrient exchange, and immunological and metabolic functions.

Clinical use of this technology is an area of intense research activity especially in fetal anomaly scanning but there are also popular uses that have been shown to improve fetal-maternal bonding.

Fetal-maternal hemorrhage can occur due to trauma, abortion, childbirth, ruptures in the placenta during pregnancy, or medical procedures carried out during pregnancy that breach the uterine wall.

The Rosette test is performed on postpartum maternal blood to estimate the volume of fetal-maternal hemorrhage in case of an Rh negative mother and an Rh positive child.

The expression of Tnfrh1 only at the fetal-maternal boundary obviously suggests that this gene may play a role in modulating either immune or trophic interactions between the invasive placental trophoblast and the uterine host tissue.

Fetal-maternal transfusion Some mothers may be sensitized by fetal-maternal transfusion of ABO incompatible red blood and produce immune IgG antibodies against the antigen they do not have and their baby does.

For starters, each day will require the preparation of 72 bottles for feeding the healthy, growing infants and the changing of 70 to 80 diapers, according to Mrs. Boniello's pediatrician, Dr. Bruce Meyer, division chief of fetal-maternal medicine at the hospital.

Expression of RBP in developing conceptuses, extraembryonic membranes, and at the fetal-maternal interface indicate that there may be some regulation of retinol transport and metabolism that occurs due to RBP by the extraembryonic membranes (Liu et al., 1992).

Variation within species and variation between species may contribute to fetal-maternal incompatibility, and according to the hypothesis, if the proteins of the fetus varies significantly from the proteins of the placenta, the mother may produce anti-bodies that will attack and abort the fetus.

This fact, together with our observation of preferential expression of Tnfrh1 mRNA in cells at the fetal-maternal boundary, highlights Tnfrh1 as a potential example of the rapid evolution of genes with functions specific to the placenta, a process postulated to be driven by conflict between fetal and maternal alleles.