Effective caudillismo depends on a personality cult.

In Latin American literature, the dictator novel challenging dictatorship and caudillismo, is a significant genre.

Undoing democracy: the politics of electoral caudillismo.

His political base, his ambitions, his caudillismo, and the resources at his disposal never, in short, compared with Chavez's.

Historian David Rock notes that, beyond putting an end to caudillismo, Sarmiento's main achievements in government concerned his promotion of education.

"Caudillismo has never disappeared," Mr. Uslar Pietri said.

Venezuela - A Century of Caudillismo - A recount of the historical context, Gomez's career and influence.

"Anywhere in Latin America there is a potential threat of the pathology of caudillismo [authoritarianism] and it has to be guarded against.

The Federal War of 1859-1863 between the conservatives and liberals led to federalism and hindered devolution as a result of the ensuing caudillismo.

The political trend was the caudillismo (strong men) in support of the two main political parties, the conservative and liberal supported by other powerful landowners and selected families.

Given this long history, it is unsurprising that there have been so many novels "about individual dictators, or about the problems of dictatorship caudillismo, caciquismo, militarism and the like."

The root of caudillismo lies in Spanish colonial policy of supplementing small cadres of professional, full-time soldiers with large militia forces recruited from local populations to maintain public order.

At the height of caudillismo, as in Venezuela, the national army was rendered superfluous by the personal armies of the caudillos: in 1872 Venezuela's federal troops were dismissed entirely.

Before Pinochet's rule, Chile had for decades been hailed as a beacon of democracy and political stability in a South America plagued by military juntas and Caudillismo.

"What we are seeing is the revival of the old Latin American tradition of caudillismo in technocratic clothing," said Ricardo Arias Calderon, a former vice president of Panama.

That region has had no shortage of strongmen, whose allegiances to left- or right-wing ideologies may be less significant than their adherence to the long and diverse tradition of caudillismo, or boss rule.

His rule saw wealth from oil discovered in the early twentieth century, and he used it to develop modern infrastructure and end the era of caudillismo, fully and completely uniting the country for the first time.

He was critical of what he saw as the caudillismo of American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), and during the 1990s, was a vigorous opponent of the dictatorship of President Alberto Fujimori.

In the late Roman Republic men like Gaius Marius along with his army of devoted scholars were populist commanders who had strong personal ties with their soldiers, and imagery of revived Roman values is often brought to bear in support of caudillismo.

Neruda explains what he got out of being a member of the Communist party in personal terms: 'I found in my party, the Communist Party of Chile, a large group of simple people, who had left personal vanity,caudillismo and material interests far behind.

The related caudillismo is a cultural phenomenon that first appeared during the early 19th century in revolutionary South America, as a type of militia leader with a charismatic personality and enough of a populist program of generic future reforms to gain broad sympathy, at least at the outset, among the common people.