It is also possible to justify the London equations by other means.

There are two London equations when expressed in terms of measurable fields:

There are two London equations:

Thus, the London equations imply a characteristic length scale, , over which external magnetic fields are exponentially suppressed.

The brothers Fritz and Heinz London developed the London equations when working there in 1935.

With his brother Heinz London, he made a significant contribution to understanding electromagnetic properties of superconductors (see London equations).

Its explanation is more complex and was first given in the London equations by the brothers Fritz and Heinz London.

In 1953, Brian Pippard, motivated by penetration experiments, proposed that this would modify the London equations via a new scale parameter called the coherence length.

It began in the 1948 paper, "On the Problem of the Molecular Theory of Superconductivity" where Fritz London proposed that the phenomenological London equations may be consequences of the coherence of a quantum state.

He worked with his brother Fritz on superconductivity, discovering the London equations when working in Oxford, at the Clarendon Laboratory; these equations gave a first explanation to the Meissner effect (and, so, to the properties of superconductors).