On the other hand, it is not unusual to see top Japanese management in direct, daily contact with workers.

The changes represent an acknowledgment by some companies that Japanese management, for all its worthwhile focus on long-term investment, sometimes moves too slowly.

The cars are built in American factories using Japanese management and designs.

Advanced Micro will assign engineers to work at the plant, studying Japanese management and manufacturing techniques.

Japanese management successfully involves workers as team members, although not with union or work-place democracy.

It's true that Japanese management did want to play it safe, so they went with the more traditional styling on the rear fender.

"What they do is not uniquely Japanese management," Mr. Allen said.

American businessmen say that legitimate complaints about trade barriers are often met by lectures on quality control and Japanese management.

"Japanese management is increasingly being driven to do things differently, including M.& A."

Cross training began to be heavily examined through the scope of modern Japanese management in the automobile industry in the 1970s.