Most people with a normal distribution of airways resistances will reduce their expired end-tidal nitrogen concentrations to less than 2.5% within seven minutes.

End-tidal capnography minimizes that risk.

Capnography, which invoolves CO measurements, referred to as EtCO2 or end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration.

End-tidal capnography detects the level of carbon dioxide the patient is exhaling, which is essential in determining the correct position of the breathing tube.

Other methods relying on instruments include the use of a colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detector, a self-inflating esophageal bulb, or an esophageal detection device.

MACbar,the end-tidal concentration inhibiting autonomic reflexes to pain in 50% of subjects(1.3 MAC of isoflurane)

E.g., multiplying the proposed population mean of approximately acetone in end-tidal breath by the partition coefficient at body temperature grossly underestimates observed (arterial) blood levels spreading around .

The earliest signs are early masseter muscle contracture following administration of succinylcholine, a rise in end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (despite increased minute ventilation), unexplained tachycardia, and muscle rigidity.

In this case, the end-tidal sample of gas (measured by capnography) contains CO at a concentration that is less than that found in the normal alveoli (i.e. in the blood):

Likewise, for any given total body CO production rate, alveolar ventilation is inversely proportional to end-tidal CO concentration (since their mutual product must equal total body CO production rate).

The increasing comfort and safety of general anesthesia are largely explained by vast improvements in operating room equipment over the past two decades, in particular the development and wide use of techniques called end-tidal capnography and pulse oximetry.

Researchers have evaluated acoustic respiration rate (RRa) and found the acceptable accuracy and significantly fewer false alarms than traditional respiration rate monitoring methods, end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) and impedance pneumography.

Equipment on the paramedic engine and ambulances includes 12-lead cardiac monitor/defibrillators, end-tidal CO2 and oxygen saturation monitors, glucometers, and endotracheal intubation, resuscitation equipment and 20 different medications for treatment and resuscitation.

Consequently, at the nadir of periodic breathing, ventilation of the alveolar space may be effectively zero; the easily-observable counterpart of this is failure at that time point of the end-tidal gas concentrations to resemble realistic alveolar concentrations.

The IPI incorporates four patient parameters (end-tidal CO and respiratory rate measured by capnography, as well as pulse rate and blood oxygenation SpO as measured by pulse oximetry) into a single index value.

Their additional skills include synchronized cardioversion, airway isolation devices, endotracheal intubation, end-tidal CO monitoring, external jugular vein cannulation, transcutaneous pacing, IV colloid/crytalloid volume expanders, nasopharangeal airways, needle thoracentesis and surgical or needle cricothyrotomy.

Other studies have challenged the utilization of accepted predictive markers such as vital signs and serum lactic acid levels, in trying to employ the use of end-tidal carbon dioxide as a better diagnostic and prognostic marker in penetrating trauma patients.

At the steady state, the rate of production of CO equals the net rate at which it is exhaled from the body, which (assuming no CO in the ambient air) is the product of the alveolar ventilation and the end-tidal CO concentration.

One observational study of 30 patients that evaluated the effect of parenteral opioid titration for the control of acute exacerbation of cancer pain showed no association between parenteral opioid titration and hypoventilation at pain control, as measured by change in end-tidal CO2 respiratory rate or oxygen saturation.