This is manifested by the thickening of the Bruch's membrane.

From histopathological research in the 1930s, they were discovered to be caused by changes at the level of Bruch's membrane.

Bruch's membrane consists of five layers (from inside to outside):

Bruch's membrane is present by midterm in fetal development as an elastic sheet.

Bruch's membrane thickens with age, slowing the transport of metabolites.

The term fundus may also be inclusive of Bruch's membrane and the choroid.

Bruch's membrane is the innermost layer of the choroid.

These cracks may allow small blood vessels that were originally held back by Bruch's membrane to penetrate the retina.

In 1889, he was the first physician to describe angioid streaks, a disorder that affects Bruch's membrane.

Bruch's membrane separates the choroid from the RPE.

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, myopia and trauma can also cause defects in Bruch's membrane which may lead to choroidal neovascularization.

The retinal pigment epithelium transports metabolic waste from the photoreceptors across Bruch's membrane to the choroid.

As the posterior staphyloma enlarges, choroidal tissue becomes thin and Bruch's membrane begins to break, creating lesions called lacquer cracks.

CNV can occur rapidly in individuals with defects in Bruch's membrane, the innermost layer of the choroid.

Bruch's membrane was named after the German anatomist Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Bruch.

The inherited disorder pseudoxanthoma elasticum may lead to angioid streaks with calcification of Bruch's membrane, the elastic tissue below the retinal ring.

In 1899 Doyne discovered colloid bodies lying on Bruch's membrane that appeared to merge, forming a mosaic pattern that resembled a honeycomb.

The capillary lamina of choroid or choriocapillaris is a layer of capillaries that is immediately adjacent to Bruch's membrane in the choroid.

Drusen (singular, "druse") are tiny yellow or white accumulations of extracellular material that build up between Bruch's membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye.

Since the macula does not have a blood supply, the fovea must receive oxygen from the vessels in the choroid, which is across the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane.

The lesion may occur within the choroid, between Bruch's membrane and RPE, or between the RPE and photoreceptors.

Angioid streaks, also called Knapp streaks or Knapp striae are small breaks in Bruch's membrane, an elastic tissue containing membrane of the retina that may become calcified and crack.

In many cases, people with MPGN II can develop drusen which is caused by same deposits within the Bruch's membrane beneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer of the eye.

Within the retina, the accumulation of AGEs in the Drusen and Bruch's membrane has been associated with age, and has also been observed at a higher level among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Presently, it is believed that its pathology may be a combination of elastic degeneration of Bruch's membrane, iron deposition in elastic fibers from hemolysis with secondary mineralization, and impaired nutrition due to stasis and small vessel occlusion.